Sources of resistance to Verticillium wilt in Capsicum

Summary A total of 125 novel accessions of Capsicum annuum L. and Capsicum baccatum L. were screened for sources of resistance to Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb). A soil infestation method with 2000 microsclerotia of V. dahliae per gram of planting medium, and a soil temperature of 25±3°C, identified 27 Capsicum accessions with resistance to Verticillium wilt. P.I. 215699 (a mixture of Capsicum baccatum var. microcarpum and Capsicum annuum), P.I. 535616 (Capsicum annuum), and P.I. 555614 (Capsicum annuum), had the lowest disease severity and the highest percentage of resistant plants.     

棉花黄萎病菌分子生物学研究新进展

本文以分子生物学研究手段为纲 ,从RFLP、RAPD、ITS等方面 ,综述了国内外在棉花黄萎病菌种内划分及致病力分化上的研究状况及最新进展     

一种新的棉花黄萎病抗性鉴定方法

介绍了一种新的快速鉴定棉花品种抗黄萎病的方法——六棱塑料钵定量注菌液法 ,与传统的鉴定方法相比具有以下优点 :1使用有底的六棱塑料钵 ,灭菌后可以重复使用 ,减少了制作营养钵的工作量 ,而且其造型有利于棉苗根系下扎生长。2以价格低廉、通透性好、一次性使用、经高温灼烧的蛭石填充营养钵作生长基质 ,可免去灭菌消毒工序 ,也有利于棉苗根系生长发育。3种子催芽技术出苗整齐、生长健壮 ,每钵只种 1～ 2棵棉苗 ,减小了寄主个体间的竞争。4用六棱营养钵培育棉苗时 ,棉苗根系生长健壮且须根紧贴塑料钵内壁生长 ,采用先用粗铁丝定点伤根再定量注菌液的方法 ,有利于病菌的侵入 ,且不会因伤主根而使病情加重     

山西棉花黄萎病菌致病性研究

2001年8月在山西省主产棉区运城、临汾、晋东南、晋中有代表性地取样、分离、纯化、鉴定,取得了19个黄萎病菌代表菌系和3个对照菌系。2002-2003年观察鉴定,山西省的19个代表菌系均属大丽轮枝菌(VerticilliumdahliaeKleb.)。这些菌系在PDA平皿上菌落的增长量、微菌核形成的快慢、数量、形状和大小变化以及黑色素产生的比值等均有差异,其致病力也不同。经温室致病力测定将其划分为3个不同的生理类型,即致病力强的落叶型Ⅰ型、致病力中等的Ⅱ型、致病力弱的Ⅲ型,分别占50.0%、36.4%、13.6%。由于致病力的差异,棉花黄萎病田间的症状表现也不同。     

大丽轮枝菌粗毒素在棉花根冠细胞生物学测定方法上的研究

在棉花根冠细胞生物测定过程中,棉花黄萎病病菌通过提纯复壮而达到较强的侵染能力,并制备出较多的黄萎病菌粗毒素。介绍了粗毒素的简易制备、根冠细胞培养与制备过程以及染色过程中染色剂的选择、染色时间的长短。实验与传统方法相比有几点改进:总结出细胞振荡时间在1~2 min之内;之后黑暗条件下静置培养2~6 h;选用pH为6.5的0.01%中性红染色3~5 min,之后加入一滴0.2%伊文思兰染色,伊文思兰的染色时间应严格掌握在3min以内等,为根冠细胞测定方法的推广提供了一定的理论支持。     

棉花黄萎病菌致病力变异生理机制的初步研究

在4种不同的温度下对31个致病力不同的菌株及落叶型菌株V991进行PDA平面培养,81.3%的强致病力类型菌株表现为菌丝型,落叶型菌株均为菌丝型,80.00%的中等致病力类型的菌株为中间型,弱致病力类型菌株均为菌核型。20～25℃有利于病原菌产生菌核,30℃的较高温度明显抑制菌核的形成。各菌株在25℃条件下菌落生长最快,分生孢子产量和毒素产量最高;30℃的较高温度下,强致病力类型菌株的菌落直径、分生孢子产量和毒素产量均显著大于中等致病力和弱致病力类型,且落叶型菌株高于非落叶型菌株。     

The nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora in soilof the Bodega marine reserve: distribution and dependenceon nematode-parasitized moth larvae

Of the 13 nematode-trapping fungi previously detected at the Bodega Marine Reserve (BMR, Sonoma County, CA, USA), Arthrobotrys oligospora is by far the most abundant. Why A. oligospora is so abundant is unclear, but the answer may involve bush lupines (Lupinus arboreus), ghost moth larvae (Hepialus californicus), and insect-parasitic nematodes (Heterorhabditis marelatus). Previous research documented a dramatic increase of A. oligospora in BMR soil with the addition of an H. marelatus-parasitized moth larva. The current study tested two predictions based on the hypothesis that the H. marelatus-parasitized ghost moth larva is a unique and important resource for A. oligospora at BMR. First, because ghost moth larvae are concentrated in soil under bush lupines, we predicted that A. oligospora numbers would be greater under lupines than away from lupines. Second, we predicted that A. oligospora would be enhanced more by moth larvae containing living H. marelatus than by moth larvae containing dead H. marelatus or no H. marelatus or by nematodes alone. The first prediction was supported by data from a field study (A. oligospora population density was greater beneath lupines than in grasses 2 m away), but the difference was small. The second prediction was not supported by data from a laboratory experiment (dead moth larvae caused dramatic increases in A. oligospora numbers whether or not the dead moth larvae contained living nematodes). While H. marelatus are clearly unnecessary for the large increase in A. oligospora numbers, the importance of nematodes in general remains unclear because addition of dead moth larvae always resulted in large increases in bacterivorous nematodes and because addition of nematodes alone enhanced A. oligospora in one trial but not in two others.     

内蒙古红豆草黄萎病菌的分离鉴定及其生物学特性

依照柯赫氏法则,利用形态学结合分子生物学的方法首次对内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市中国农科院草原研究所沙尔沁基地红豆草疑似黄萎病的病样进行分离和鉴定,利用蘸根接种法对病原菌的致病性进行测定。同时,首次在室内条件下对病菌的生物学特性,如生长最适温度、酸碱度以及碳源、氮源对病原菌生长速率和产孢量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,引起沙尔沁基地红豆草黄萎病的病原菌为大丽轮枝孢菌,菌株具有较宽的温度和酸碱度适应范围,最适于菌株生长和产孢的温度均为25℃,最适于菌株生长和产孢的pH值范围分别为7~10和5~6。在碳源选择上,大丽轮枝孢菌在可溶性淀粉上的生长速度最快,而蔗糖最有利于其产孢。在氮源选择上,大丽轮枝孢菌在牛肉膏和L-脯氨酸上的生长速度较快,且L-脯氨酸最有利于其产孢。     

Disease Tolerance in Helianthus petiolaris : A Genetic Resource for Sunflower Breeding

Abstract

Argentina is a major sunflower producer in the world, with crop acreage of 2?2.7 million ha in the last four years. Sunflower crop yield is often influenced by sanitary constraints, mainly fungal pathogens. Helianthus petiolaris is a wild species native to North America established in central Argentina displays a high tolerance to a number of fungal diseases and insects. Controlled crosses of this species with sunflower demonstrated that H. petiolaris constitutes a valuable genetic variability source for sunflower breeding to improve tolerance to rust (Puccinia helianthi), white rust (Albugo tragopogonis), verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), powdery mildew (Erisiphe sp.) and the sunflower moth (Rachiplusia nu). This places H. petiolaris in an outstanding position as a genetic resource since different important traits could be transferred to the crop through interspecific hybridization.